Frozen shoulder, medically known as adhesive capsulitis, is a painful and disabling condition that affects the shoulder joint, making everyday activities challenging. Whether it’s reaching overhead, fastening a seatbelt, or lifting even light objects, people with frozen shoulder often find their daily lives restricted. This condition is most commonly seen in people between the ages of 40 and 60, and women are more frequently affected than men.

Although the exact cause is not always clear, frozen shoulder develops when the capsule surrounding the shoulder joint thickens and tightens, reducing its ability to move smoothly. Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, thyroid imbalances, cardiovascular disease, and prolonged immobilization increase the risk significantly.

In this guide, we will explore the causes, symptoms, stages, diagnosis, and treatment options for frozen shoulder, along with helpful lifestyle and recovery tips.

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What is Frozen Shoulder?

The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, designed to perform a wide range of movements. It is formed by the ball-and-socket joint where the upper arm bone (humerus) fits into the shallow socket of the shoulder blade (scapula). Surrounding this joint is the capsule — a connective tissue structure that keeps the joint stable.

In frozen shoulder, this capsule thickens and contracts, limiting both passive and active motion. This stiffening process leads to pain, inflammation, and progressive restriction in shoulder mobility.

Who is Most at Risk?

While frozen shoulder can develop in anyone, certain groups are more susceptible:

• Age & Gender: Most common in individuals aged 40–60, especially women.
• Diabetes: People with diabetes are up to five times more likely to develop frozen shoulder.
• Thyroid Disorders: Both overactive (hyperthyroidism) and underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can contribute.
• Post-Surgery or Injury: Immobilization of the shoulder after surgery, fracture, or injury increases risk.
• Other Conditions: Parkinson’s disease and cardiovascular issues are also associated with a higher incidence.

The 3 Stages of Frozen Shoulder

Frozen shoulder develops gradually, typically over 12–18 months, and is divided into three distinct stages:

1. Freezing Stage (Painful Stage)

• Duration: 6 weeks to 9 months.
• Symptoms: Persistent, worsening pain in the shoulder, especially at night. Movement becomes increasingly difficult.
• Impact: Simple tasks like reaching into cupboards or wearing clothes feel impossible.

2. Frozen Stage (Stiffness Stage)

• Duration: 4 to 12 months.
• Symptoms: Pain may reduce, but stiffness dominates. Shoulder mobility is extremely restricted.
• Impact: Daily activities like driving, lifting, or grooming become severely limited.

3. Thawing Stage (Recovery Stage)

• Duration: 6 months to 2 years.
• Symptoms: Gradual improvement in mobility. Pain diminishes as the capsule loosens.
• Impact: Function returns slowly, though some may not regain 100% movement.

Symptoms to Watch Out For

Frozen shoulder symptoms progress gradually. Recognizing early signs can make treatment more effective.

• Persistent dull or aching pain, especially in the outer shoulder or upper arm
• Pain worsening at night, disturbing sleep
• Difficulty reaching overhead or behind the back
• Reduced flexibility and mobility
• Stiffness preventing normal range of motion

How is Frozen Shoulder Diagnosed?

Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination and imaging tests:

1. Physical Exam: Your doctor will check your shoulder’s range of motion by gently moving it in different directions.
2. Medical History: Underlying conditions like diabetes or thyroid disease will be considered.
3. Imaging: X-rays rule out arthritis, while MRI or ultrasound helps identify inflammation or tears.

Treatment Options for Frozen Shoulder

The good news is that frozen shoulder often improves over time, though treatment is essential to manage pain and speed recovery.

1. Physical Therapy (First-Line Treatment)

• Gentle stretching and strengthening exercises
• Focus on improving flexibility and mobility
• Regular, consistent sessions are crucial for long-term improvement

2. Medications

• Over-the-counter pain relievers like ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• Prescription anti-inflammatory drugs if pain is severe

3. Corticosteroid Injections

• Powerful anti-inflammatory shots directly into the joint
• Provide rapid, short-term relief from pain and stiffness

4. Joint Distension (Hydrodilatation)

• Saline solution is injected into the capsule to stretch it
• Can improve mobility significantly

5. Surgery (Rare, Last Resort)

• Arthroscopic capsular release: minimally invasive surgery to cut through the stiffened capsule
• Reserved for severe, long-lasting cases

Home Remedies and Lifestyle Tips

Managing frozen shoulder doesn’t just rely on medical treatments. Home care and lifestyle changes play an important role.

• Heat Therapy: Applying a warm compress reduces stiffness and promotes flexibility.
• Cold Packs: Helpful during painful phases to reduce inflammation.
• Gentle Exercise: Simple stretches like pendulum swings and wall climbs aid recovery.
• Ergonomic Adjustments: Avoid activities that strain the shoulder unnecessarily.
• Balanced Diet: Especially important for people with diabetes or thyroid issues.

Recovery Timeline: What to Expect

Recovery from frozen shoulder can take anywhere between 12 to 24 months. With consistent therapy and medical guidance, most patients regain 90–95% of mobility. However, those with underlying medical conditions may experience a longer recovery.

Can Frozen Shoulder Be Prevented?

While not always preventable, some steps can lower the risk:

• Stay active and avoid prolonged immobility of the shoulder.
• Perform regular stretching and mobility exercises.
• Manage underlying conditions like diabetes effectively.
• After surgery or injury, start gentle movements as advised by your doctor.

Final Thoughts

Frozen shoulder may be a slow and frustrating condition, but with the right care, recovery is possible. Early diagnosis, consistent therapy, and tailored treatment plans help patients regain mobility and return to daily life with reduced discomfort. If you experience persistent shoulder pain or stiffness, consult a healthcare provider promptly — early intervention is the key to faster recovery.