Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person communicates, behaves, and interacts with others.
The term “spectrum” means that the condition varies widely — some individuals have mild challenges, while others need significant support in daily life.
Key Characteristics
1. Social Communication Difficulties
• Challenges in understanding social cues, facial expressions, or body language
• Trouble maintaining eye contact or starting conversations
• Prefers to be alone or may not respond to name
2. Repetitive Behaviours or Restricted Interests
• Repeating words, actions, or routines
• Strong preference for sameness and routines
• Intense focus on specific topics (e.g., trains, numbers, animals)
3. Sensory Sensitivities
• Over- or under-sensitivity to sounds, lights, textures, or smells
• May cover ears or become upset by loud noises
4. Communication Challenges
• Delayed speech or language development
• Echolalia (repeating words or phrases)
• May use alternative communication methods like pictures or gestures
Techniques to Handle and Support Autism:
Supporting a child or adult with autism focuses on improving communication, behavior, and social skills while respecting their individuality.
1. Behavioral and Communication Therapies
a. Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA):
• One of the most effective therapies for children with autism.
• Uses positive reinforcement to improve communication, learning, and social skills.
b. Speech and Language Therapy:
• Helps with communication skills — from speech clarity to understanding cues.
• May include use of AAC (Augmentative and Alternative Communication) tools like picture boards or tablets.
c. Occupational Therapy (OT):
• Focuses on improving daily living skills and fine motor coordination.
• Addresses sensory integration — helping children cope with sound, touch, or light sensitivity.
d. Social Skills Training:
• Teaches how to interact appropriately in social situations.
• Uses modeling, role play, and group activities.
2. Educational and Classroom Techniques
• Use visual supports (charts, picture cards, routines).
• Keep predictable schedules and clear instructions.
• Break tasks into small, manageable steps.
• Offer positive reinforcement for desired behavior.
• Use quiet corners or sensory breaks when the child feels overwhelmed.
3.Alternative and Supportive Techniques
• Art, Music, or Play Therapy — helps expression and emotional regulation.
• Animal-Assisted Therapy — can improve social and emotional skills.
• Yoga and Mindfulness — reduce anxiety and improve focus.
4. Building Social and Emotional Understanding
• Teach emotion recognition through pictures or stories.
• Encourage peer interaction in structured settings.
• Praise and model empathy and turn-taking behaviors.
